Broken Treaties, Forgotten Archives


Philadelphia Quakers, Allegany Senecas, and the Fight for Sacred Grounds



"Broken Treaties, Forgotten Archives" is a collaborative recovery project completed by the students in John Hyland's writing seminar, "Ecological Imaginaries: Identity, Violence, and the Environment." In this environmental humanities-based seminar, students interrogated how imaginings of the environment are inseparable from issues of social justice. For this project, students spent significant time in Haverford's Special Collections, studying materials in the Theodore Brinton Hetzel papers, a Haverford alumnus who belonged to the Indian Committees of the American Friends Service Committee and Philadelphia Yearly Meeting of Friends. Hetzel, along with other Philadelphia Quakers such as Walter Taylor, served on the Friends Kinzua Dam Project in the 1960s, which fought to stop the construction of a 179-foot dam on the Allegheny River in Warren, Pennsylvania. The dam, which was completed in 1964, flooded out the sacred grounds of the Seneca Nation of Indians, dispossessing them of lands that had been granted to them in 1794 by the US Government with the Pickering Treaty. Using archival materials, this exhibition seeks to tell the story of a fight for Indigenous rights, sacredness, and environmental justice that has been--like so many stories of dispossession--too easily forgotten.



Broken Treaties, Forgotten Archives

A Kinzua Dam timeline

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The Treaty of Canandaigua

November 11, 1794

The Treaty of Canandaigua (Pickering Treaty of 1794) is signed between the Grand Council of the Six Nations and Secretary of State Timothy Pickering representing the United States of America. According to most sources, the treaty was never signed by George Washington.

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Letter from Theodore Hetzel to James A. Haley of the Indian Subcommittee

February 14, 1957

letter sent from Hetzel to James A. Haley of the Indian Subcommittee.

Letter from Cornelius V. Seneca sent to Theodore Hetzel

October 1957

While the white media produced the majority of writings on Kinzua, this letter provides an alternative viewpoint from those most impacted by the project: the Senecas. The Seneca Nation thanks Hetzel for aiding them in their opposition of the dam and gives updates on the legal battle to halt construction. -- Alyssa Spaeth

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An Open Letter from Heron to the Seneca Nation

January 12, 1959

George Heron, president of the Seneca Nation of Indians, writes an open letter asking for America to honor its treaties.

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Construction begins

1960

Second Look at Kinzua published in the Washington Post

1960

This editorial, along with its consequent reply, appeals to Congress to reexamine alternatives to the Kinzua Dam, arguing both the moral importance and the myriad advantages of other known options. It also illuminates possible ulterior motives for Congress’s current adherence to the Kinzua site. -- Katherine Travisano

See annotations:
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Joseph S. Clark publishes response to Second Look at Kinzua in the Washington Post

January 30, 1960

An Alternative to the Kinzua Dam

February 16, 1960

Arthur E. Morgan publishes a letter to the editor of the Washington Post, titled An Alternative to the Kinzua Dam.

Lazarus defends Morgan and refutes Senator Clark's arguments

February 16, 1960

Lazarus wrote this editorial in an ongoing debate surrounding the Kinzua Dam to challenge Senator Clark's (D-PA) arguments that the economic benefits of the dam would compensate for the potential destruction of Seneca culture and identity. Lazarus also advocates adopting the Conewango-Cattaraugus plan, an alternative with more researched economic and engineering benefits. -- David Kong

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Senator Joseph S. Clark supports Kinzua

February 24, 1960

Senator Joseph. S. Clark presented his rebuttal and offered his support for Kinzua in a letter to The Washington Post.

Letter from George D. Heron to "my Friend"

February 25, 1960

The recipient of this letter was a Quaker. This item highlights how Kinzua would cause the Senecas to lose their land, which was promised to them by the Pickering Treaty. Heron discusses alternative plans to Kinzua and pleads for Quaker help by stressing that the Seneca’s "beloved homeland" would be lost. -- Isabelle Angstman

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Alternative to Kinzua Dam

March 2, 1960

Arthur E. Morgan publishes Alternative to Kinzua Dam in Letters to The Times.

Arthur Lazarus, The Senecas' Side

March 4, 1960

Lazarus wrote this editorial in an ongoing debate surrounding the Kinzua Dam to challenge Senator Clark’s (D-PA) arguments that the economic benefits of the dam would compensate for the potential destruction of Seneca culture and identity. Lazarus also advocates adopting the Conewango-Cattaraugus plan, an alternative with more researched economic and engineering benefits. --David Kong

See annotations

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Morgan's Statement

March 5, 1960

Arthur E. Morgan presented a statement to the Subcommittees on Public Works of the House and Senate Committee on Appropriations comparing the Kinzua Plan and the Conewango plan for control of the upper Allegheny River.

Alternative to Kinzua Dam

March 6, 1960

Arthur E. Morgan wrote a letter to the New York Times offering an alternative to Kinzua Dam. Published.

Open Letter to Representative James Haley from William N. Fenton

July 4, 1960

This letter opens by arguing that Kinzua is impractical because of the taxpayer burden, poor design, and ethical dilemmas it involves. Inspired by personal experience and a career dedicated to studying Native Americans, Fenton outlines six arguments against Kinzua, highlighting significant oversight in the necessity and impact of the dam. -- Alison Roseman

Fenton writes this letter to Haley to express that the two sides—the Seneca Nation and the US Government—were each in accordance with the treaty signed in 1794. Fenton emphasizes studies of alternatives to the Kinzua Dam that would justly leave the Seneca Nation's land to the indigenous people. -- Sophie Titlebaum

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Williams' letter to Kennedy

February 22, 1961

Williams, the president of the Seneca Nation, wrote to President Kennedy to ask him to investigate Arthur Morgan’s alternative plan to building the Kinzua Dam.

Memorandum by Walter Taylor

March 17, 1961

Taylor sent this letter to catalyze a delay of the Kinzua Dam project and encourage the US Government to consider alternative options. Taylor explores how the dam violates treaties and campaign promises, encouraging using these points to delay/stop construction. He emphasizes the negligence of the Army Corps of Engineers regarding American values. --Jacob Murray

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Staats argues in favor of Kinzua Dam construction

March 21, 1961

Elmer B. Staats, Deputy Director of the Bureau of the Budget, replies on behalf of President Kennedy to argue in favor of Kinzua Dam construction

Robert Haines (Chairman of the Indian Committee of the Philadelphia Yearly Meeting of Friends) letter to the Editor of The New York Times

June 1961

A cordial thank-you note recognizing the slew of articles regarding the Kinzua Dam controversy in The New York Times, this letter expresses the plight of the Seneca and the struggle of convincing the US Government to modify dam-building plans. --Lucas Greenbaum

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Drafting of the Declaration of Indian Purpose

June 19, 1961

Lafayette Jack Kennedy, Speech to the American Indian Chicago Conference

June 19, 1961

This draft of Kennedy’s speech argued that the Pickering Treaty prohibited the dam’s construction. It led to the “Indian Declaration of Purpose,” which appealed to the US government to pursue the alternative Conewango dam site. One year later, the declaration was presented at the White House to President Kennedy.

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President Kennedy's letter to the President of the Seneca Nation

August 9, 1961

John F. Kennedy writes a letter to the President of the Seneca Nation of Indians, stating "it is not possible to halt the construction of Kinzua Dam."

Letter by Don DeVault

August 21, 1961

Letter to the Treaty of 1794 Committee with the transcription of a letter sent to President Kennedy requesting an impartial study of the alternative dam projects

See annotations

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Cassidy defends choice of the Kinzua construction site

September 7, 1961

William F. Cassidy, the director of Civil Works for the US Army Corps of Engineers, writes a letter to Walter Taylor defending the choice of the Kinzua construction site

Rape of the Sencas published

January 1962

This article criticizes the United States government and the Army Corps of Engineers for violating the treaty with the Seneca Nation and dismissing Arthur Morgan’s alternative plan to Kinzua. The piece was published in SAGA, a pulp men's adventure magazine, and the writing is notable for its inaccuracies and melodramatic style. -- Maya Ahmed

See annotations:
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Morgan critiques "Rape of the Senecas"

January 1, 1962

Arthur Morgan responds with a critique of the Linn article "Rape of the Senecas"

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Water-Hole Wonderland

August 25, 1962

Evan Hill writes "Water-Hole Wonderland" for the Saturday Evening Post.

Letter from Walter Taylor to Clyde Robbins

October 18, 1962

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Letter from Theodore Hetzel to Sylvester K. Stevens

October 31, 1962

See annotation:
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Appeal Letter by the Indian Committee of the Philadelphia Yearly Meeting of Friends

1963

Appeal Letter by the Indian Committee of the Philadelphia Yearly Meeting of Friends to the larger group asking for increased allocation of resources to combatting the Kinzua Dam project.

See annotations

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Letter to Walter Taylor from Lawrence Lindley

April 3, 1963

In his response to Walter Taylor’s proposition to call public attention to the Senecas’ plight, Lawrence Lindley questions the necessity of this measure, asserting his confidence that Congress would pass a bill providing fair reparations. This confidence ultimately proved naive when Congress failed to pass the bill in its entirety. --Eleanor Wachtel

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A Statement by Walter Taylor

August 8, 1963

Statement by Walter Taylor, Letter to House of Representatives Subcommittee on Indian Affairs outlining the major details of the Kinzua case and the ramifications of the project.

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President Kennedy Assassinated

November 22, 1963

Kinzua Planning Newsletter

December 4, 1963

A Kinzua Planning Newsletter was written to suggest ways for Native Americans to find a positive outlook on life after surviving Kinzua and other obstacles.

Johnson Pledges Help

January 20, 1964

"Johnson Pledges Help For Tribes: He Tells 100 Indian Visitors of Attack on Poverty." - title New York Times article about this event.

Letter to President Johnson from Walter Taylor

February 23, 1964

The letter, written soon after the inauguration of President Johnson, asks him to help the Seneca Indians receive reparations for the flooding of their property. At this time, the dam was near to completion so the Nation needed the bill that would provide reparations, H.R. 1794, to be passed soon. --Nathan Merrill

See annotations

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"The Kinzua Planning Newsletter Volume III No. 4"

March 25, 1964

The Kinzua Planning Committee, a committee of the Seneca Nation of Indians, published a newsletter called The Kinzua Planning Newsletter for at least three volumes with a minimum of four editions per volume. It highlighted the opinions of several third-party sources surrounding the Kinzua Dam. --Tate Miller

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"Critic at Large" article in New York Times

June 2, 1964

"Critic at Large: Delay in Senate Is Just Another Chapter In Story of Seneca Nation’s Troubles."

Public Law 88-533 Proposed

August 14, 1964

Proposal outlines the reparations for the Seneca Nation and the stipulations that would come with accepting the money.

Relocation of the Cornplanter cemetery begins

August 26, 1964

Public Law 88-533 Surrounding Payment and Reparations to the Seneca Nation Passes

August 31, 1964

160 Families Forced to Move Due to the Kinzua Dam

December 31, 1964

"The 1965 Challenge to Seneca Indians and to All Americans" Published

January 1965

This pamphlet gives instruction to the Senecas and their allies on how to move forward in the wake of the violation of the Pickering Treaty and the passing of Public Law 88-533 in 1964. It was published after the removal of the Seneca people and the dam's construction. --Lillian Alonzo

See annotations:
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February 22, 1965

Letter from Walter Taylor to President Martin Seneca Written

"Some Hopeful Signs" by Walter G. Taylor

June 15, 1965

Taylor composed this document in order to raise awareness about the environmental degradation and human rights issues that resulted from the Kinzua Dam’s construction. It provides a context for Kinzua, showing how it is symptomatic of national injustices against Indigenous rights that are also part of environmental degradation. --Pamela Gonzalez

See annotations:
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Letter from Walter Taylor to Dale Kent.

August 17, 1965

In his letter to Dale Kent of the Corps of Engineers, Walter Taylor asks for materials to help him further understand the Corps of Engineer's perspective on building Kinzua Dam. Taylor is generally critical of the United States' seizing of Indian land but is trying to understand its purpose in this letter. --Hannah Zoll

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Letter from Walter Taylor to Arthur Morgan

February 16, 1966

Walter Taylor's tirade in a personal letter to Arthur Morgan against the Army Corps of Engineers

Dam formally dedicated

September 16, 1966

The Treaty of Canandaigua

Letter from Theodore Hetzel to James A. Haley of the Indian Subcommittee

Letter from Cornelius V. Seneca sent to Theodore Hetzel

An Open Letter from Heron to the Seneca Nation

Construction begins

Second Look at Kinzua published in the Washington Post

Joseph S. Clark publishes response to Second Look at Kinzua in the Washington Post

An Alternative to the Kinzua Dam

Lazarus defends Morgan and refutes Senator Clark's arguments

Senator Joseph S. Clark supports Kinzua

Letter from George D. Heron to "my Friend"

Alternative to Kinzua Dam

Arthur Lazarus, The Senecas' Side

Morgan's Statement

Alternative to Kinzua Dam

Open Letter to Representative James Haley from William N. Fenton

Williams' letter to Kennedy

Memorandum by Walter Taylor

Staats argues in favor of Kinzua Dam construction

Robert Haines (Chairman of the Indian Committee of the Philadelphia Yearly Meeting of Friends) letter to the Editor of The New York Times

Drafting of the Declaration of Indian Purpose

Lafayette Jack Kennedy, Speech to the American Indian Chicago Conference

President Kennedy's letter to the President of the Seneca Nation

Letter by Don DeVault

Cassidy defends choice of the Kinzua construction site

Rape of the Sencas published

Morgan critiques "Rape of the Senecas"

Water-Hole Wonderland

Letter from Walter Taylor to Clyde Robbins

Letter from Theodore Hetzel to Sylvester K. Stevens

Appeal Letter by the Indian Committee of the Philadelphia Yearly Meeting of Friends

Letter to Walter Taylor from Lawrence Lindley

A Statement by Walter Taylor

President Kennedy Assassinated

Kinzua Planning Newsletter

Johnson Pledges Help

Letter to President Johnson from Walter Taylor

"The Kinzua Planning Newsletter Volume III No. 4"

"Critic at Large" article in New York Times

Public Law 88-533 Proposed

Relocation of the Cornplanter cemetery begins

Public Law 88-533 Surrounding Payment and Reparations to the Seneca Nation Passes

160 Families Forced to Move Due to the Kinzua Dam

"The 1965 Challenge to Seneca Indians and to All Americans" Published

Letter from Walter Taylor to President Martin Seneca Written

"Some Hopeful Signs" by Walter G. Taylor

Letter from Walter Taylor to Dale Kent.

Letter from Walter Taylor to Arthur Morgan

Dam formally dedicated

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Walt Taylor, Gen Cassidy, John Chancelor, Arthur Morgan, George Heron, Phillip Nash appear on "This Loss of Land," a production of Philadelphia's WCAU-TV.

Harry Watt and Abner Jimeson are shown in Plains Indian-style war bonnets and dress with the Kinzua Dam under construction in the background. This was part of a public relations strategy that exploited America's stereotyped images of Indians.

Seneca Nation office, choosing lots--Jessie Snow, Dorothy Jimerson, Bob Haines, George Heron, Kenneth Snow, Walt Taylor.

Walt and Peggy Taylor "Farewell Dinner"--with George Heron and others

An engineer from the Army Corps explains the construction of the Kinzua Dam to members of the Seneca Nation and the Philadelphia Yearly Meeting of Friends Kinzua Project.

Walt Taylor on "This Loss of Land."

Walt Taylor, George Heron, and two others with maps, February 1961



Credits

Students

  • Maya Ahmed
  • Jeremy Akin
  • Lillian Alonzo
  • Jack Anderson
  • Isabelle Angstman
  • Leila Breen
  • Pamela Gonzalez
  • Rachel Gordon
  • Lucas Greenbaum
  • Julie Hanss
  • Abiola Irvine
  • David Kong
  • Joshua McKeever
  • Nathan Merrill
  • Tate Miller
  • Jacob Murray
  • Alison Rosenman
  • Abigail Singer
  • Alyssa Spaeth
  • Sophie Titlebaum
  • Katherine Travisano
  • Eleanor Wachtel
  • Hannah Zoll

Professor

  • John Hyland

Supporting Librarians

  • Sarah Horowitz, Head of Quaker & Special Collections
  • Mike Zarafonetis, Coordinator for Digital Scholarship and Services

Digital Scholarship Student Assistants

  • Taylor Cross
  • Shaun Fedrick
  • Sabrina Kwak


Works Cited

  • Bilharz, Joy. The Allegany Senecas and Kinzua Dam: Forced Relocation Through Two Generations. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1998.
  • DamNation. Directed by Ben Knight and Travis Rummel. Ventura, CA: Patagonia, 2014.